Publications

Gilliam LL, Gilliam J, Samuel SP, Carter RW, Ritchey J, Bulfone T, Gutiérrez JM, Williams DJ, Durkin DM, Stephens SI, Lewin MR et al.
Oral and IV Varespladib Rescue Experiments in Juvenile Pigs with Weakness Induced by Australian and Papuan Oxyuranus scutellatus Venoms.
Toxins. 2023; 15(9):557. doi: 10.3390/toxins15090557.

Bickler PE, Abouyannis M, Bhalla A, Lewin MR.
Neuromuscular Weakness and Paralysis Produced by Snakebite Envenoming: Mechanisms and Proposed Standards for Clinical Assessment.
Toxins (Basel). 2023 Jan 6;15(1):49. doi: 10.3390/toxins15010049. PMID: 36668869; PMCID: PMC9861841.

Carter RW, Gerardo CJ, Samuel SP, Kumar S, Kotehal SD, Mukherjee PP, Shirazi FM, Akpunonu PD, Bammigatti C, Bhalla A, Manikath N, Platts-Mills TF, Lewin MR; BRAVO Study Group.
The BRAVO Clinical Study Protocol: Oral Varespladib for Inhibition of Secretory Phospholipase A2 in the Treatment of Snakebite Envenoming.
Toxins (Basel). 2022 Dec 28;15(1):22. doi: 10.3390/toxins15010022. PMID: 36668842; PMCID: PMC9862656.

Chowdhury A, Lewin MR, Carter R, Soria R, Aldridge M, Fry BG.
Extreme Procoagulant Potency in Human Plasma of Venoms from the African Viperid Genera Atheris, Cerastes, and Proatheris and the Relative Efficacy of Antivenoms and Synthetic Enzyme-Inhibitors.
Toxins (Basel). 2022 Dec 1;14(12):836. doi: 10.3390/toxins14120836. PMID: 36548733; PMCID: PMC9788330.

Salvador GHM, Pinto ÊKR, Ortolani PL, Fortes-Dias CL, Cavalcante WLG, Soares AM, Lomonte B, Lewin MR, Fontes MRM.
Structural basis of the myotoxic inhibition of the Bothrops pirajai PrTX-I by the synthetic varespladib.
Biochimie. 2023 Apr;207:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.11.006. Epub 2022 Nov 17. PMID: 36403756.

Lewin MR, Carter RW, Matteo IA, Samuel SP, Rao S, Fry BG, Bickler PE.
Varespladib in the Treatment of Snakebite Envenoming: Development History and Preclinical Evidence Supporting Advancement to Clinical Trials in Patients Bitten by Venomous Snakes.
Toxins (Basel). 2022 Nov 11;14(11):783. doi: 10.3390/toxins14110783. PMID: 36422958; PMCID: PMC9695340.

Chowdhury A, Lewin MR, Carter RW, Casewell NR, Fry BG.
Keel venom: Rhabdophis subminiatus (Red-Necked Keelback) venom pathophysiologically affects diverse blood clotting pathways.
Toxicon. 2022 Oct 30;218:19-24. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.08.017. Epub 2022 Aug 31. PMID: 36057394.

Jones L, Youngman NJ, Neri-Castro E, Guadarrama-Martínez A, Lewin MR, Carter R, Frank N, Fry BG.
Differential Antivenom and Small-Molecule Inhibition of Novel Coagulotoxic Variations in Atropoides, Cerrophidion, Metlapilcoatlus, and Porthidium American Viperid Snake Venoms.
Toxins (Basel). 2022 Jul 26;14(8):511. doi: 10.3390/toxins14080511. PMID: 35893753; PMCID: PMC9332056.

Durkin DM, Young AN, Khtikian K, Karjala Z, Isenstein AL, Fry BG, Lewin MR.
Envenoming by a Marine Blood Worm (Glycera).
Toxins (Basel). 2022 Jul 17;14(7):495. doi: 10.3390/toxins14070495. PMID: 35878233; PMCID: PMC9319062.

Chowdhury A, Youngman NJ, Liu J, Lewin MR, Carter RW, Fry BG.
The relative efficacy of chemically diverse small-molecule enzyme-inhibitors against anticoagulant activities of Black Snake (Pseudechis spp.) venoms.
Toxicol Lett. 2022 Aug 1;366:26-32. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.06.009. Epub 2022 Jul 3. PMID: 35788045.

Youngman NJ, Lewin MR, Carter R, Naude A, Fry BG.
Efficacy and Limitations of Chemically Diverse Small-Molecule Enzyme-Inhibitors against the Synergistic Coagulotoxic Activities of Bitis Viper Venoms.
Molecules. 2022 Mar 7;27(5):1733. doi: 10.3390/molecules27051733. PMID: 35268832; PMCID: PMC8911647.

Hamza M, Knudsen C, Gnanathasen CA, Monteiro W, Lewin MR, Laustsen AH, Habib AG.
Clinical management of snakebite envenoming: Future perspectives.
Toxicon: X. 2021;11:100079. doi:10.1016/J.TOXCX.2021.100079

Salvador GHM, Borges RJ, Lomonte B, Lewin MR, Fontes MRM.
The synthetic varespladib molecule is a multi-functional inhibitor for PLA2 and PLA2-like ophidic toxins.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2021 Jul;1865(7):129913. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129913. Epub 2021 Apr 16. PMID: 33865953.

Fontana Oliveira IC, Gutiérrez JM, Lewin MR, Oshima-Franco Y.
Varespladib (LY315920) inhibits neuromuscular blockade induced by Oxyuranus scutellatus venom in a nerve-muscle preparation.
Toxicon. 2020 Nov;187:101-104. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.023. PMID: 32889027.

Gutiérrez JM, Lewin MR, Williams DJ, Lomonte B.
Varespladib (LY315920) and Methyl Varespladib (LY333013) Abrogate or Delay Lethality Induced by Presynaptically Acting Neurotoxic Snake Venoms.
Toxins (Basel). 2020 Feb 20;12(2):131. doi: 10.3390/toxins12020131. PMID: 32093386; PMCID: PMC7076770.

Salvador GHM, Gomes AAS, Bryan-Quirós W, Fernández J, Lewin MR, Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B, Fontes MRM.
Structural basis for phospholipase A2-like toxin inhibition by the synthetic compound Varespladib (LY315920).
Sci Rep. 2019 Nov 20;9(1):17203. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53755-5. PMID: 31748642; PMCID: PMC6868273.

Bryan-Quirós W, Fernández J, Gutiérrez JM, Lewin MR, Lomonte B.
Neutralizing properties of LY315920 toward snake venom group I and II myotoxic phospholipases A2.
Toxicon. 2019 Jan;157:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.292. Epub 2018 Nov 14. PMID: 30447275.

Lewin MR, Gilliam LL, Gilliam J, Samuel SP, Bulfone TC, Bickler PE, Gutiérrez JM.
Delayed LY333013 (Oral) and LY315920 (Intravenous) Reverse Severe Neurotoxicity and Rescue Juvenile Pigs from Lethal Doses of Micrurus fulvius (Eastern Coral Snake) Venom.
Toxins (Basel). 2018 Nov 17;10(11):479. doi: 10.3390/toxins10110479. PMID: 30453607; PMCID: PMC6265968.

Lewin MR, Gutiérrez JM, Samuel SP, Herrera M, Bryan-Quirós W, Lomonte B, Bickler PE, Bulfone TC, Williams DJ.
Delayed Oral LY333013 Rescues Mice from Highly Neurotoxic, Lethal Doses of Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) Venom.
Toxins (Basel). 2018 Sep 20;10(10):380. doi: 10.3390/toxins10100380. PMID: 30241297; PMCID: PMC6215158.

Herzel BJ, Samuel SP, Bulfone TC, Raj CS, Lewin M, Kahn JG.
Snakebite: An Exploratory Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Adjunct Treatment Strategies.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018 Aug;99(2):404-412. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0922. Epub 2018 May 31. PMID: 29869597; PMCID: PMC6090346.

Bulfone TC, Samuel SP, Bickler PE, Lewin MR.
Developing Small Molecule Therapeutics for the Initial and Adjunctive Treatment of Snakebite.
J Trop Med. 2018 Jul 30;2018:4320175. doi: 10.1155/2018/4320175. PMID: 30154870; PMCID: PMC6091453.

Sasidaran MN, Samuel SP, ChinnaRaju S, Antonysamy M, Bulfone TC, Lewin MR.
Parotid swelling after Russell's viper envenomation: an unusual and poor prognostic sign.
Clin Case Rep. 2017 Dec 21;6(2):262-266. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1105. PMID: 29445459; PMCID: PMC5799621.

Lewin M, Samuel S, Merkel J, Bickler P.
Varespladib (LY315920) Appears to Be a Potent, Broad-Spectrum, Inhibitor of Snake Venom Phospholipase A2 and a Possible Pre-Referral Treatment for Envenomation.
Toxins (Basel). 2016 Aug 25;8(9):248. doi: 10.3390/toxins8090248. PMID: 27571102; PMCID: PMC5037474.

Lewin MR, Samuel SP, Wexler DS, Bickler P, Vaiyapuri S, Mensh BD.
Early Treatment with Intranasal Neostigmine Reduces Mortality in a Mouse Model of Naja naja (Indian Cobra) Envenomation.
J Trop Med. 2014;2014:131835. doi: 10.1155/2014/131835. Epub 2014 May 14. PMID: 24955095; PMCID: PMC4052076.

Abouyannis M, Esmail H, Hamaluba M, Ngama M, Mwangudzah H, Mumba N, Yeri BK, Mwalukore S, Alphan HJ, Aggarwal D, Alcoba G, Cammack N, Chippaux JP, Coldiron ME, Gutiérrez JM, Habib AG, Harrison RA, Isbister GK, Lavonas EJ, Martins D, Ribeiro I, Watson JA, Williams DJ, Casewell NR, Walker SA, Lalloo DG; Snakebite Global Core Outcome Set Study Group.
A global core outcome measurement set for snakebite clinical trials.
Lancet Glob Health. 2023 Feb;11(2):e296-e300. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00479-X. PMID: 36669810.

Knudsen C, Casewell NR, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM, Vaiyapuri S, Laustsen AH.
Novel Snakebite Therapeutics Must Be Tested in Appropriate Rescue Models to Robustly Assess Their Preclinical Efficacy.
Toxins (Basel). 2020 Sep; 12(9): 528. doi: 10.3390/toxins12090528. PMID: 32824899; PMCID: PMC7551497.

Casewell NR, Jackson TNW, Laustsen AH, Sunagar K.
Causes and Consequences of Snake Venom Variation.
Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2020 Jun 19;41(8):570-581. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.05.006. PMID: 32564899; PMCID: PMC7116101.

Koh CY, Bendre R, Kini RM.
Repurposed drug to the rescue of snakebite victims.
Sci Transl Med. 2020 May 6;12(542):eabb6700. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb6700. PMID: 32376770.

Torres-Bonilla KA, Panunto PC, Pereira BB, Zambrano DF, Herrán-Medina J, Bernal MH, Hyslop S.
Toxinological characterization of venom from Leptodeira annulata (Banded cat-eyed snake; Dipsadidae, Imantodini).
Biochimie. 2020 Apr 14:S0300-9084(20)30076-6. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.006. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32302625.

Williams HF, Layfield HJ, Vallance T, Patel K, Bicknell AB, Trim SA, Vaiyapuri S.
The Urgent Need to Develop Novel Strategies for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Snakebites.
Toxins (Basel). 2019 Jun 20;11(6):363. doi: 10.3390/toxins11060363. PMID: 31226842; PMCID: PMC6628419.

Bittenbinder MA, Zdenek CN, Op den Brouw B, Youngman NJ, Dobson JS, Naude A, Vonk FJ, Fry BG.
Coagulotoxic Cobras: Clinical Implications of Strong Anticoagulant Actions of African Spitting Naja Venoms That Are Not Neutralised by Antivenom but Are by LY315920 (Varespladib).
Toxins (Basel). 2018 Dec 4;10(12):516. doi: 10.3390/toxins10120516. PMID: 30518149; PMCID: PMC6316626.

Knudsen C, Laustsen AH.
Recent Advances in Next Generation Snakebite Antivenoms.
Trop Med Infect Dis. 2018 Apr 15;3(2):42. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed3020042. PMID: 30274438; PMCID: PMC6073149.

Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang D, Xiao H, Xiong S, Huang C.
Exploration of the Inhibitory Potential of Varespladib for Snakebite Envenomation.
Molecules. 2018 Feb 12;23(2):391. doi: 10.3390/molecules23020391. PMID: 29439513; PMCID: PMC6017252.